Anger Deregulation
is the Diagnostic Core Feature of all Character /Personality Disorder Persons
Anger is a compounded phenomenon. It has
dispositional properties, expressive and motivational components, situational
and individual variations, cognitive and excitatory interdependent
manifestations and psychophysiological (especially neuroendocrine) aspects.
From the psychobiological point of view, it probably had its survival utility
in early evolution, but it seems to have lost a lot of it in modern societies.
Actually, in most cases it is counterproductive, even dangerous. Dysfunctional
anger is known to have pathogenic effects (mostly cardiovascular).
Most personality disordered people are prone to
be angry. Their anger is always sudden, raging, frightening and without an
apparent provocation by an outside agent. It would seem that people suffering
from personality disorders are in a CONSTANT state of anger, which is
effectively suppressed most of the time. It manifests itself only when the
person's defences are down, incapacitated, or adversely affected by
circumstances, inner or external. We have pointed at the psychodynamic source
of this permanent, bottled-up anger, elsewhere in this book. In a nutshell, the
patient was, usually, unable to express anger and direct it at
"forbidden" targets in his early, formative years (his parents, in
most cases). The anger, however, was a justified reaction to abuses and
mistreatment. The patient was, therefore, left to nurture a sense of profound
injustice and frustrated rage. Healthy people experience anger, but as a
transitory state. This is what sets the personality disordered apart: their
anger is always acute, permanently present, often suppressed or repressed.
Healthy anger has an external inducing agent (a reason). It is directed at this
agent (coherence).
Pathological anger is neither coherent, not
externally induced. It emanates from the inside and it is diffuse, directed at
the "world" and at "injustice" in general. The patient does
identify the IMMEDIATE cause of the anger. Still, upon closer scrutiny, the
cause is likely to be found lacking and the anger excessive, disproportionate,
incoherent. To refine the point: it might be more accurate to say that the
personality disordered is expressing (and experiencing) TWO layers of anger,
simultaneously and always. The first layer, the superficial anger, is indeed
directed at an identified target, the alleged cause of the eruption. The second
layer, however, is anger directed at himself. The patient is angry at himself
for being unable to vent off normal anger, normally. He feels like a miscreant.
He hates himself. This second layer of anger also comprises strong and easily
identifiable elements of frustration, irritation and annoyance.
While normal anger is connected to some action
regarding its source (or to the planning or contemplation of such action) –
pathological anger is mostly directed at oneself or even lacks direction
altogether. The personality disordered are afraid to show that they are angry
to meaningful others because they are afraid to lose them. The Borderline
Personality Disordered is terrified of being abandoned, the narcissist (NPD)
needs his Narcissistic Supply Sources, the Paranoid – his persecutors and so
on. These people prefer to direct their anger at people who are meaningless to
them, people whose withdrawal will not constitute a threat to their
precariously balanced personality. They yell at a waitress, berate a taxi
driver, or explode at an underling. Alternatively, they sulk, feel anhedonic or
pathologically bored, drink or do drugs – all forms of self-directed
aggression. From time to time, no longer able to pretend and to suppress, they
have it out with the real source of their anger. They rage and, generally,
behave like lunatics. They shout incoherently, make absurd accusations, distort
facts, pronounce allegations and suspicions. These episodes are followed by
periods of saccharine sentimentality and excessive flattering and
submissiveness towards the victim of the latest rage attack. Driven by the
mortal fear of being abandoned or ignored, the personality disordered debases
and demeans himself to the point of provoking repulsion in the beholder. These
pendulum-like emotional swings make life with the personality disordered
difficult.
Anger in healthy persons is diminished through
action. It is an aversive, unpleasant emotion. It is intended to generate
action in order to eradicate this uncomfortable sensation. It is coupled with
physiological arousal. But it is not clear whether action diminishes anger or
anger is used up in action. Similarly, it is not clear whether the
consciousness of anger is dependent on a stream of cognition expressed in
words? Do we become angry because we say that we are angry (=we identify the
anger and capture it) – or do we say that we are angry because we are angry to
start with?
Anger is induced by numerous factors. It is
almost a universal reaction. Any threat to one's welfare (physical, emotional,
social, financial, or mental) is met with anger. But so are threats to one's
affiliates, nearest, dearest, nation, favourite football club, pet and so on.
The territory of anger is enlarged to include not only the person – but all his
real and perceived environment, human and non-human. This does not sound like a
very adaptative strategy. Threats are not the only situations to be met with
anger. Anger is the reaction to injustice (perceived or real), to
disagreements, to inconvenience. But the two main sources of anger are threat
(a disagreement is potentially threatening) and injustice (inconvenience is
injustice inflicted on the angry person by the world).
These are also the two sources of personality
disorders. The personality disordered is moulded by recurrent and frequent
injustice and he is constantly threatened both by his internal and by his
external universes. No wonder that there is a close affinity between the
personality disordered and the acutely angry person.
And, as opposed to common opinion, the angry
person becomes angry whether he believes that what was done to him was
deliberate or not. If we lose a precious manuscript, even unintentionally, we
are bound to become angry at ourselves. If his home is devastated by an
earthquake – the owner will surely rage, though no conscious, deliberating mind
was at work. When we perceive an injustice in the distribution of wealth or
love – we become angry because of moral reasoning, whether the injustice was
deliberate or not. We retaliate and we punish as a result of our ability to
morally reason and to get even. Sometimes even moral reasoning is lacking, as
in when we simply wish to alleviate a diffuse anger.
What the personality disordered does is: he
suppresses the anger, but he has no effective mechanisms of redirecting it in
order to correct the inducing conditions. His hostile expressions are not
constructive – they are destructive because they are diffuse, excessive and,
therefore, unclear. He does not lash out at people in order to restore his lost
self-esteem, his prestige, his sense of power and control over his life, to
recover emotionally, or to restore his well being. He rages because he cannot
help it and is in a self-destructive and self-loathing mode. His anger does not
contain a signal, which could alter his environment in general and the
behaviour of those around him, in particular. His anger is primitive,
maladaptive, pent up.
Anger is a primitive, limbic emotion. Its
excitatory components and patterns are shared with sexual excitation and with
fear. It is cognition that guides our behaviour, aimed at avoiding harm and
aversion or at minimising them. Our cognition is in charge of attaining certain
kinds of mental gratification. An analysis of future values of the
relief-gratification versus repercussions (reward to risk) ratio – can be
obtained only through cognitive tools. Anger is provoked by aversive treatment,
deliberately or unintentionally inflicted. Such treatment must violate either
prevailing conventions regarding social interactions or some otherwise deeply
ingrained sense of what is fair and what is just. The judgement of fairness or
justice (namely, the appraisal of the extent of compliance with conventions of
social exchange) – is also cognitive.
The angry person and the personality disordered
both suffer from a cognitive deficit. They are unable to conceptualise, to
design effective strategies and to execute them. They dedicate all their
attention to the immediate and ignore the future consequences of their actions.
In other words, their attention and information processing faculties are distorted,
skewed in favour of the here and now, biased on both the intake and the output.
Time is "relativistically dilated" – the present feels more
protracted, "longer" than any future. Immediate facts and actions are
judged more relevant and weighted more heavily than any remote aversive
conditions. Anger impairs cognition.
The angry person is a worried person. The
personality disordered is also excessively preoccupied with himself. Worry and
anger are the cornerstones of the edifice of anxiety. This is where it all
converges: people become angry because they are excessively concerned with bad
things which might happen to them. Anger is a result of anxiety (or, when the
anger is not acute, of fear).
The striking similarity between anger and
personality disorders is the deterioration of the faculty of empathy. Angry people cannot empathise.
Actually, "counter-empathy" develops in a state of acute anger. All
mitigating circumstances related to the source of the anger – are taken as
meaning to devalue and belittle the suffering of the angry person. His anger
thus increases the more mitigating circumstances are brought to his attention.
Judgement is altered by anger. Later provocative acts are judged to be more
serious – just by "virtue" of their chronological position. All this
is very typical of the personality disordered. An impairment of the empathic
sensitivities is a prime symptom in many of them (in the Narcissistic,
Antisocial, Schizoid and Schizotypal Personality Disordered, to mention but
four).
Moreover, the aforementioned impairment of
judgement (=impairment of the proper functioning of the mechanism of risk
assessment) appears in both acute anger and in many personality disorders. The
illusion of omnipotence (power) and invulnerability, the partiality of
judgement – are typical of both states. Acute anger (rage attacks in
personality disorders) is always incommensurate with the magnitude of the
source of the emotion and is fuelled by extraneous experiences. An acutely
angry person usually reacts to an ACCUMULATION, an amalgamation of aversive
experiences, all enhancing each other in vicious feedback loops, many of them
not directly related to the cause of the specific anger episode. The angry
person may be reacting to stress, agitation, disturbance, drugs, violence or
aggression witnessed by him, to social or to national conflict, to elation and
even to sexual excitation. The same is true of the personality disordered. His
inner world is fraught with unpleasant, ego-dystonic, discomfiting, unsettling,
worrisome experiences. His external environment – influenced and moulded by his
distorted personality – is also transformed into a source of aversive,
repulsive, or plainly unpleasant experiences. The personality disordered
explodes in rage – because he implodes AND reacts to outside stimuli,
simultaneously. Because he is a slave to magical thinking and, therefore,
regards himself as omnipotent, omniscient and protected from the consequences
of his own acts (immune) – the personality disordered often acts in a self-destructive
and self-defeating manner. The similarities are so numerous and so striking
that it seems safe to say that the personality disordered is in a constant
state of acute anger.
Finally, acutely angry people perceive anger to
have been the result of intentional (or circumstantial) provocation with a
hostile purpose (by the target of their anger). Their targets, on the other
hand, invariably regard them as incoherent people, acting arbitrarily, in an
unjustified manner.
Replace the words "acutely angry"
with the words "personality disordered" and the sentence would still
remain largely valid.
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